Yet, we virtually ignore how the spatial distribution of maternal progenies and recruitment patterns relate with each other in frugivore-generated seed rains.
maritima, maternal progenies were collected in populations from free pollinated plants.
Thus, each seed lot had an approximate structure of half-sib families (since correlated paternity within maternal progenies is known to be negligible in maritime pine, see [ 30]).
Due to maternal inheritance, progeny from the above cross are Wolbachia infected.
The IMPROVE (Improving Maternal and Progeny Risks of Obesity Via Exercise) study is a two-arm parallel randomised controlled clinical trial being conducted in Auckland, New Zealand.
We then genotyped the maternal and progeny samples at a subset of four selected loci (ADL0138, ADL0268 [ 36]; LEI0196 [ 37]; LEI0246 [ 38]), chosen because they included alleles that would discriminate between paired experimental males.
To ensure representative sampling of the most highly infested sugar beet field, a total of 75 weed beets were sampled and all used as maternal plants for progeny analyses (24 seeds per adult) for population D. Seeds used for progeny analyses were germinated in a greenhouse and grown until seedlings had several leaves to get enough leaf tissue for total DNA extraction.
In the face of this low genetic diversity, coupled with a short residence time during which selection can act (Antonovics 1976), TGP provides a mechanism by which maternal influences on progeny morphology or physiology can increase stress tolerance and increase fitness of progeny in stressful environments.
We used genotype data for maternal plants and progeny arrays to estimate multilocus correlated paternity, or the proportion of full sib progeny among a pair of siblings within pods (rppm), using the sibling pair method in the MLTR v 3.4 program (Ritland and Jain, 1981; Ritland, 2002).
This pattern again demonstrates environment-specific adaptation and the importance of the maternal contribution to progeny.
