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In the harems of Ottoman Egypt and Greater Syria, Sudanese female slaves were often denied maternal linkage to their children, who became heirs of their masters.
The BI markers in these two subsets are of opposite maternal linkage phase as a result of the exclusion of the censored BI genotypes.
The ripple test, which can cause serious problems with missing data analysis, strongly increases the reliability of the marker order when analyzing markers of each maternal linkage phase separately in JOINMAP.
We did not reach genome-wide significant evidence for maternal or paternal transmission on chromosome 7, although a non-significant maternal linkage is observed in a region overlapping the Lamb et al report.
The criteria for filtering out the female component is straightforward because the female BI peakpresent is always fully linked to either a positive or negative chromosome print value, depending on their relative maternal linkage phases (Supplement S4).
The use of a subset of markers (i.e. eight initial markers or five ripple markers) that is made up of BI markers of both maternal linkage phases and less than two anchoring markers, results in an unreliable suggested marker order.
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In the New Zealand population, a total of 206 and 120 markers were removed from the maternal and paternal linkage maps, respectively; and a total of 63 and 58 markers were removed from the maternal and paternal linkage maps of the Slovenian population.
Genome-wide results for maternal and paternal linkage analyses via both parametric and non-parametric methods are shown in Figure 1.
The hk × hk markers were then used to compare maternal and paternal linkage groups.
An inversion on Chromosome 1 also was observed on both maternal and paternal linkage maps.
Separate maternal and paternal linkage maps were constructed from each of the mapping populations, based on the methods described by Keats et al. [ 137].
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