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Infant gut microbiota composition is related to the maternal gut microbiota shortly after birth and then diverges [ 21, 22], and mode of delivery can influence the early microbiota.
This study confirms the association between altered fetal movements and stillbirth and highlights novel associations that merit closer scrutiny including a maternal gut instinct that something was wrong.
However, recent studies have suggested that bacteria are picked up by dendritic cells in the maternal gut and transferred to the mammary ducts – perhaps as a means to colonize the newborn through breast feeding.
By providing higher dietary intakes of secondary plant metabolites, organically grown vegetables may contribute to a less inflammation-prone milieu in the maternal gut, as well as an improved antioxidant status, thereby possibly reducing the risk of pre-eclampsia.
A recent cohort study investigating the influence of maternal gut microbiota on wheezing in early childhood found an association between higher total maternal aerobes and Enterococci with increased risk of infant wheeze.
The strong influence of the maternal gut microbiota on neonatal colonisation was reported, as well as rapid changes in the gut microbiome of older people who move from community living to residential care.
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Therefore, other possible parameters including malnutrition, interference with maternal antibodies, changes in gut microbiota, and genetic susceptibility should be investigated [ 29, 30].
Compared with seedlings away from maternal trees, seedlings from gut-passed seeds had a significantly lower total proportion of damaged leaves, whereas there was no difference in the diversity of damage categories (Figure 5, Table 2).
Postnatally, a similar pathway, initiated by milk-derived maternal factors and mediated by gut immune system-derived cytokines in the offspring, can be hypothesized.
This multi-compartment model included maternal compartments (plasma, liver, fat, gut, skin, mammary, rest of body, kidney, filtrate, and storage) and the placenta, fetal plasma, rest of fetal body, and amniotic fluid.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of milk formulas designed to resemble sow milk supplemented with polyamines at maternal physiologic milk doses on the gut maturation of early-weaned piglets.
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