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It is reported that the incidence of fetal and infant mortality were inversely related to maternal educational gradient: higher with a lower level of education, a determinant of the incidence of fetal and post-neonatal death but not of early and late neonatal death (0 27 days) [ 33].
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Corroborating with study findings from other countries, we observed a gradient by maternal educational attainment.
This does not mean that there is an absence of a socioeconomic gradient in PTD among foreign-born women, but rather that the maternal educational level does not capture it in the same way as among native-born women [ 33, 37].
Only some of the educational gradient is attributable to smoking.
However data on maternal educational qualifications were available.
During the analyses, adjustments were made for: maternal educational attainment, age, single motherhood, parity, maternal country of birth, and child's gender.
Scores increased with maternal educational level.
This may explain the educational gradient seen in Table 3.
Maternal educational level was documented in only six cases.
Maternal educational attainment was based on self-reports.
Maternal educational level was available for mothers of twins.
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