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About 60% of mothers constituted 60% of the total maternal cost, whereas 5% of LBW and VLBW children accounted for 75% of the child cost.
Maternal yolk production, vitellogenesis, represents a significant maternal cost for reproduction and is suppressed under genetic and environmental conditions that extend lifespan.
While one prior study found a substantial decrease in immediate neonatal costs after specialised antenatal care for twin pregnancy was introduced, neither maternal cost of care nor implementation costs were assessed [ 7], and we are not aware of any prior studies where a full economic evaluation of a specialised multiple pregnancy clinic has been performed.
The heavy birth weight of mouse pups with an inactive maternal copy of Grb10 and the low birth weight of pups with an inactive paternal copy of Dlk1 are consistent with these predictions because the MEG inhibits fetal growth for maternal benefit whereas the PEG promotes fetal growth at maternal cost.
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Maternal costs for delivery and hospitalization and the costs of antenatal admission are excluded in most studies.
Option B conferred lower maternal costs than Option B+ after weaning because of deferred ART costs when women without advanced disease interrupted ART, and maternal costs with Option B were less than with Option A by 5 years after delivery.
Costs are calculated as cost of the infant (no maternal costs considered) and are related to health service usage from birth to age 1 year.
Although small differences in short-term maternal costs resulted from modeled drug resistance following sdNVP, 5-year costs were similar for no antenatal ARVs, sdNVP, and Option A. Options B and B+, requiring 3-drug regimens during pregnancy and breastfeeding, conferred the greatest initial maternal healthcare costs.
Maternal care costs included the costs of prenatal care, delivery services, costs associated with pregnancy morbidity, and precautionary care.
For this study, we conducted univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses on key PMTCT, pediatric, maternal, and cost parameters.
The financial incentive provided partial financial risk-protection as it could cover only 25.5% of the maternal healthcare cost of the beneficiaries in rural areas and 14.3% in urban areas.
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