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There were no differences throughout lactation in any of the studied maternal behaviours (P > 0.10).
This finding matches that of Feldman et al. (2011) who found that the presence of positive maternal behaviours promoting emotional self-regulation was related to the greater abilities to curb aggressiveness in 2- to 3-year-olds.
Lambs were assigned to mothers by field observations of maternal behaviours [21].
Primiparous females may also exhibit lower levels of maternal care or inefficient maternal behaviours compared to multiparous females resulting in a reduced delivery of milk energy to offspring.
As a result, in some species, multiparous females show significant improvements in both the intensity and quality of maternal behaviours compared to primiparous females (see [18], [19] for reviews).
Moreover, changes in females' social environment (due to social instability, crowding, agonistic social encounters) during pregnancy can increase their offspring's emotional reactivity, impair their learning abilities and alter their social, sexual and maternal behaviours [12] [14].
Similar(20)
A similar protective effect of the homozygous 'long/long' (l/l) genotype or else a buffering effect of maternal behaviour was found in human studies of infant attachment.
Maternal behaviour was recorded from PND 2 to 8 and behavioural and endocrine responses to stress were studied in adult male offspring.
We hypothesized that antepartum maternal behaviour is programmed by transgenerational inheritance of stress response and associated with characteristic behavioural change.
Some environmental causes of congenital disorders have been attributed directly to maternal lifestyle and to factors that influence maternal behaviour.
Pregnant and nursing rats have a greater number of neural connections, particularly in the region of the brain that controls hormones and maternal behaviour.
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