Sentence examples for maternal and direct from inspiring English sources

Six different animal models were fitted, differentiated by including or excluding maternal effects, with and without covariance between maternal and direct genetic effects.

The traits investigated were deregressed breeding values for maternal and direct effects on dystocia (DYSm, DYSd) and stillbirth (STIm, STId) as well as maternal and paternal effects on nonreturn rates of 90 d (NR90m, NR90p).

For example, Steinger et al. [23] reported the maternal and direct effects of elevated CO2 on seed provisioning, germination and seedling growth in B. erectus and found that seed germination rate and seedling size were not significantly affected by elevated maternal CO2.

The pre-weaning growth of lambs, an important component of meat production, depends on maternal and direct effects.

Both scenarios were compared in the case of a null genetic correlation among maternal and direct effects.

In some cases, these models produce surprising results, e.g., strong negative estimates of the correlation between maternal and direct genetic effects [ 3, 4].

Although some estimates in this study were inaccurate (in particular the direct-maternal genetic covariance for SB), the estimates of σ TBV presented in Table 5 show how the maternal variance and direct-maternal genetic covariance contribute to the total genetic variance.

Overall, it was concluded that for more precise designing selection programs and increased efficiency of selection for production and reproduction traits of fowls, inclusion of maternal effects and direct genetic effect into the model is necessary.

Gene expression can potentially be affected across generations by means of various pathways: hormonal effects on embryos, effects of maternal behavior, and direct transmission of epigenetic marks such as methylation of DNA.

In general, imperfect maternal inheritance and direct physiological costs to infection are acknowledged to impede their spread within local populations [ 3].

However, birth weight may be influenced by factors other than maternal nutrition, and direct evidence from nutritional trials is lacking (7).