The thermal energy generation rate inside the shielding materials is calculated using the build up factor method for multi-energy photons emitted from disc geometry radiation source and a comparison has been made in order to estimate the percentage of energy captured, and therefore saved, inside the shielding layers.
The preference degree-based ranking lists for the candidate materials are calculated using Eq. (27) (for briefness, the preference degree-based ranking list is abbreviated as the PD ranking list).
The instrumental corrected βhkl for a selected diffraction peak of the materials was calculated using the equation: beta_{text{hkl}} =, left[ {left( {beta^{2}_{text{hkl}} } right),{text{measured}} - left( {beta^{2} } right),{text{instrumental}}} right]^{1/2} (4 The XRD peak (311) was used to define average particle's size.
The electrical conductivity of these materials is calculated using the results by Kristinsdóttir et al. (2010) (chlorite), Wang et al. (2012) (amphibole), Zhu et al. (1999), Xie et al. (2002) and Guo et al. (2011) (serpentinite), Constable (2006) (olivine), and Ni et al. (2011) and Yoshino et al. (2010) (silicate melt).
Size of the crystal of Fe3O4/PVP (1 g), Fe3O4/PVP (2 g) and Fe3O4/PVP (3 g) materials was calculating using Scherer formula: D = frac{0.9 lambda }{beta cos theta }, (3)where D is the crystallites size (in nm), λ the wavelength (in nm), β is the full width at half maxima (FWHM) and (theta) is the Bragg's diffraction angle.
In the normal operation conditions, atmospheric dispersion of radioactive material is calculated using CAP88-PC code.
The values of "Average Absolute Deviation Percent" for the densities of each material are calculated using artificial neural networks.
The geosynthetic tube material specifications such as tensile strength, ultra violet ray resistance, apparent opening size and fabric material are calculated using suitable design methods.
An irreversible cohesive law models the internal crack nucleation and opening process, and the elastodynamic states of the intact material are calculated using the method of characteristics.
