In the left part of Fig. 3, a spherical material of "Bone cortical (mineral)" with a density of 1.92 g/cm3 has been selected.
The inorganic material of bone consists predominantly of phosphate and calcium ions; however, significant amounts of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, citrate, magnesium, carbonate, fluorite, zinc, barium, and strontium are also present [ 1, 2].
Table 3 Type of sinus bone graft materials Type of bone graft material Number of cases Mandibular ramus bone 13 (81.3) Mandibular ramus bone + Bio-Oss® 3 (18.7) Total 16 (160).
In order to decline the high incidence of surgical complications, some surgeons suggested a new concept of defect reconstruction after claviculectomy with the materials of autogenous bone [ 12- 15] or allograft bone [ 14, 16].
Intrinsic parameters on the other hand reflect the inner material of bones such as its geometric distribution and cellular metabolic activity affecting the bone's ability to bear loads.
Autogenous bone tissue is a prototype, a type of reference sample or a "gold standard" of materials for bone substitution [ 212].
In the other hand, the material properties of bone tissue should be assumed from the beginning.
The material properties of bone in this study were assumed to be linear elastic, isotropic, and time independent.
It is generally accepted that in addition to bone mineral density, microarchitecture and material properties of bone also play important roles for bone strength and fracture risk.
The basic properties of antiresorptive agents: (1) to suppress osteoclastic activity and bone turnover, (2) preserve or increase Bone Mineral Density, improve material properties of bone, and (3) preserve bone structure.
