Although it is as yet not possible to give a quantitative estimate of the percentage of frothed xenoliths among erupted xenolithic material, the occurrence of frothed crustal xenoliths in volcanic rocks in a wide variety of geodynamic settings (Figs 1 and 2) demonstrates that some of the xenoliths have been erupted instead of preserved in the intrusive record.
The main issues studied in this work are the material flow (occurrence of defects such as wrinkling and fracture) of the layers of the specimen and the required drawing force.
In-channel responses attributable to the crossings were observed at 14 (93%) of the sites and include increased bank erosion, increased mud coatings on coarse channel clasts, increased in-channel fine-sediment accumulations, changes in the size distributions of coarse bed material, and occurrence of large channel-filling sediment plugs.
Initial stresses originate in soft materials by the occurrence of misfits in the undeformed microstructure.
Dynamical mechanical thermal analysis results on hydrothermally aged materials indicated the occurrence of progressive segregation effects with the formation of regions with different cross-linking degrees.
Nevertheless, from an acoustic point of view, the correct approach to safeguard the heritage involves a number of issues which require great insight into the propagation of sound, the interaction with the boundary materials and the occurrence of structural vibrations.
Specifically, the validity of this proposed assessment was examined by loading and unloading a polymeric line contact structure at different loading levels, and its accuracy was validated by singly loading line contact structures made from different polymeric materials until the occurrence of significant global plastic deformation.
Analysis of the rolling surface of these materials shows the occurrence of flaking due to ratcheting and the adhesive wear mechanism for all specimens, but uneven wear gives evidence that the wear mechanism varies in different regions of the surface.
Starting on September 29 , 1983 a layer of concrete was poured on top of the crushed materials, a rare occurrence in waste disposal.
Therefore, the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the material can be useful in safeguarding the material against the occurrence of such situations.
It is shown that FRP, as a reinforcement material, postpones the occurrence of cracks and slows the crack propagation, and that cracks emanating from the upstream surface and downstream surface are not connected, meaning that the reinforced dam can retain water-impounding function when subjected to the earthquake.
