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At the same time, conventional studies such as feeding observations or gut content analyses reveal only the materials ingested and not necessarily those assimilated by the consumers.
The waste materials ingested by the earthworm are supposed to undergo bio-chemical changes leading to the mixing of plant nutrient and growth promoting substances in an assimilated form.
The food materials ingested by the earthworms are, thus, subjected to more intense microbial activity in the alimentary canal not only due to these higher concentrations of different microorganisms but also owing to increased surface area of the food particles meshed to very fine sizes while passing through the gizzard.
Similarly, caterpillars of the emerald moth Nemoria arizonaria exhibit a polyphenism in color and morphology induced by seasonal differences in diet related to materials ingested in leaves from the host plant [5], [6].
Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the sterile uterine environment: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water.
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Excess egg material ingested by the embryo is stored within its external yolk sac; when close to birth, the embryo then transfers the yolk from the external yolk sac into an internal yolk sac to serve as a post-birth food reserve.
The syringe used in the apparatus was an insulin syringe which permitted a precise control of the volume of material ingested by the nymphs (49±5 µL, n = 13).
As the plant materials a sauropod would have encountered are not particularly abrasive in comparison to modern floras [9], it is likely that a combination of feeding behavior and sheer volume of plant material ingested is responsible for high wear.
Throughout the study, the only material ingested by the animals was forage growing on the experimental plots and water.
The carbon isotope ratio is influenced by the type of plant material ingested, which is in turn influenced by the photosynthetic pathway utilized by the plants.
This agrees well with the results that digestion of fiber in grass carp is incomplete, with about half the food material ingested excreted as feces [ 16].
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