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Observed failure modes included local buckling, material yielding and tensile fracture.
Initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses presented in steel plates, material yielding and strain hardening are taken into account in the nonlinear analysis.
When a steel structure is subjected to fire attack, the thermal material degradation of the steel members can incur the premature material yielding, and also the thermal axial expansion and bowing on a steel structure can change its structural geometry.
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To capture the material yielding behaviors and to allow for an explicit simulation on the member initial curvatures, a curved-piecewise-Hermite (CPH) element is especially developed for simulating the behaviors of HCFT columns under extreme loading conditions.
The limiting thicknesses of standalone plates corresponding to concurrent geometrical buckling and material yielding are determined theoretically and verified through detailed numerical simulations.
The failure modes of material yielding, local buckling and flexural buckling as well as interaction of local and flexural buckling were found in this study.
Analysis of internal consistency of scale items was repeated on the pre- and post-test material yielding an alpha between 0.73 and 0.90 at post-test (Table 2).
Microyielding and pre-yield cracking occur at different applied stress levels; nearly fully lamellar material yielding at the lowest and duplex material at the highest stress.
The observed failure modes for the column tests include yielding, overall buckling, and material yielding in the heat-affected zone.
Prediction of the column strength, associated with buckling and material yielding, is vital in a successful design.
The observed failure modes of the beam-column tests included flexural buckling and material yielding in the heat-affected zone.
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