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But the lawsuits are now moving through the courts, and many of the cities believe that they will hit pay dirt in the discovery process, finding material weakening the gun companies' position in the same way that documents about nicotine addiction helped force tobacco companies to settle with the states.
As opposed to the existing attempts to simulate slant fracture with material weakening before crack formation, softening is assumed to occur only in the post-initiation range.
Under cyclic loading, the material weakening process in structural members inevitably involves multiple cracking originating from some of these spatially-distributed initial imperfections, and therefore diverse cracking behaviors are expected.
After that deal, Standard & Poor's cut the company's debt rating to B, citing "the significant increase in leverage and material weakening of free cash flow".
Normal fatigue testing of the composite led to the surprise discovery that instead of the material weakening, it actually got stronger.
Material weakening associated with strain localization imparts partially predictable, and entirely inescapable heterogeneity to the material fabric of an orogen.
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Let us consider a plane wave propagating through a pre-loaded elastic material weakened by closed fractures (see Fig. 1).
For the typical type of paper representative of ~70 80 % of Western library and archival collections, we looked at the 'random failure phase' when material weakens, as well as at the 'wear-out failure phase' during which reduction in DP becomes so pronounced that wear and tear (mechanical failure) becomes increasingly likely.
As an original contribution, the potential energy of the saturated materials weakened by closed frictional microcracks is determined and formulated as a sum of an elastic part and a plastic part, the latter entirely induced by frictional sliding of microcracks.
These defects significantly affect the deformation behavior of the material and weaken the work material.
However, ageing made some of the material gradually weaken.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com