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Because the exact chemical composition of each of these components is unknown, the ratio of molar mass and the number of electrons of the material was approximated to 2 for the mass density estimate.[ 26– 28] The 3 D rendering of all the components identified in this sample is shown in Figure 2 c.
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The subsequent discharge branch that defines the plastic behavior of the material is approximated with three line segments.
A linear model is developed in which the ferromagnetic material is approximated by a 'linear' material with an 'equivalent' relative permeability.
The crushable material is approximated by a discrete chain of masses and non-linear springs with properties from the non-linear constitutive law of the crushable material.
Once mechanical properties of the track materials are approximated, the equivalent stiffness of the track is calculated by running a static analysis in the numerical model.
Unit cost was approximated by the cost of consumable materials used for 5-ml urine manipulation (US$/5-ml urine).
This ratio was approximated to be 4/5.
The yield strengthσ of the material could be approximated as: (5).
The optical behavior of such composite material can be approximated by a superposition of the spectra of its component stacks.
Knowing that the propagation velocity in air C air is, about 300 mm/ns, V m in a material can be approximated using the following equation: V_{text{m}} = frac{{C_{text{air}} }}{{sqrt {varepsilon_{text{r}} } }} (1).
The second application is region overlays, in which a region with homogeneous material properties is approximated by a grid of polyhedra and mapped onto an arbitrary hexahedral mesh, creating mixed zones on the boundary of the region.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com