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These five "state factors" are parent material, topography, climate, organisms, and time.
Soil characteristics arise as emergent properties of complex interactions among climate, parent material, topography, time, and living organisms.
However, many of these studies have altered both material topography and chemistry, making it difficult to ascertain the influence of one property compared to the other.
In other words, the concentrations of elements in closer samples were more similar to each other probably due to the effects of natural factors such as parent material, topography, and soil type.
Osteoclast differentiation was determined by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, total cell number by a picogreen DNA assay, cell morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the material topography by atomic force microscopy (AFM).
The results show that the resulting topography of the PVD coated surfaces is strongly dependent on both the substrate material topography and the topography induced by the coating deposition process used.
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Polemic comes alive when it is grounded in detail, and Goldsmith conducts his argument using an expansive array of vivid supporting material – topographies, interiors, and sharp human portraits.
This was based on the collected data that include climate properties, type of dangerous materials, topography, and type of release.
Hydrological release of carbon from land depends on geologic parent materials, topography, biota, land use, changes in soil chemistry and, microbial consumption or release of OC (Pandey and Pandey 2009).
The soil-forming factors of parent material and topography are largely site-related (attributes of the terrain), whereas those of climate and organisms are largely flux-related (inputs from the surroundings).
Material surface topography is an important factor for regulating cellular behaviour.
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