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Autrecourt argues that material substance and its quantity are not distinct.
For such reasons, he rejects Descartes's causal interactionism, where thinking substance is said to cause changes in an independent material substance and vice-versa.
Both Du Châtelet's and Voltaire's entries aimed to disprove the theory that fire is a material substance, and both were published along with the three winners (including the essay essay by Leonhard Euler, which took the top prize).
Looking more closely at the material substance and the extent of Adam and Eve's prelapsarian labor suggests a vision of paradise with both the possibility, and the means, of expansion, change, and improvement.
He held to Descartes's views that the essence of matter is extension; that the essence of mind is thought; that material substance and mental substance are essentially, and really distinct; that mind and body interact; that while humans have souls, brutes and other living things are mere machines; and that material things operate by means of moving parts according to the laws of motion.
The quality solidity would then become equivalent to the notion of material stuff or material substance and Locke shows no sign of wanting to elide the ideas of quality and substance in this way, though it should be noted that this is what Descartes does with extension.
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Stahl had a corpuscularian, and largely mechanistic, interpretation of material substances and chemical processes.
Ge Hong enumerated an extensive selection of material substances and practical operations to which he attributed varying degrees of relative efficacy in the prolongation of life.
Locke's philosophy of science consists largely in his metaphysical and epistemological views of material substances and their powers.
Since scientia generally concerns real essences, and since natural philosophy for Locke concerns material substances and their powers, scientia in natural philosophy would be knowledge of material substances' real essences and their necessary connections to qualities flowing from them.
Ockham had claimed that it was superfluous to posit quantitative forms really distinct from substance and quality, since quantity presupposes what it is intended to explain, i.e., the extension of material substances and their having parts outside parts.
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