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The resulting equation, calibrated by the finite element results, can predict the fracture response of pipes with a maximum error of 2% for a practical uncracked material strain range of 1.5% ⩽ εunc ⩽ 4%.
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The phenomenological model of dissipative material in the small strain range is developed in the framework of thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal state variables and local state method.
When compared with defect-free material in terms of total strain range, the presence of the defects reduced average cyclic lives by an order of magnitude.
This showed that material strained in the range from 3.0%to7.5%5% and annealed at 800 °C for different times all reached Fsp values in the range 75 80%, a considerable increase over the as-received material.
From uni-axial material testing, it was found that the Neo-Hookean hyper-elastic model provided a good fit to material testing data for the desired strain range.
Such a contact loss and gain regime is intriguing and has also been shown to play a significant role in altering the internal structure of granular materials, even at the relatively small strain range where irreversibilities can exist within deformation domains often attributed to elasticity.
In fact, when exposed to various increasing temperature levels, the material endurance tends to decreases for low strain range (correspond to high number of cycle).
The scaling behavior of the spacing distributions persists over a very wide strain range (εvM=0.2 εvM=4.5) for different materials and deformation conditions.
The experimental responses are critically examined to explore various fatigue failure responses of HA230, which is a complex material showing unique fatigue-creep, strain rate sensitivity, strain range dependence, temperature dependence and dynamic strain aging (DSA) properties.
In order to investigate the effect of tube material strain hardening on the residual stresses, Ett values ranging from 0 to 1.2 GPa were considered (Table 1).
The Young's modulus E of the material was calculated to be around 20 MPa for the strain range -0.1 ≤ ϵ ≤ 0.1, and the Poisson's ratio ν was averaged as 0.476 for the strain range -0.1 ≤ ϵ ≤ -0.03. Figure 3 Mechanical response of bulk PE.
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