It provides fertile, new, and promising opportunities for nanoscience and nanotechnology, material science, biological science, and so on [7 14, 31].
The advantageous attributes such as low-cost, miniaturization, energy efficient, easy fabrication, online monitoring, and the simultaneous sensing capability are the driving force towards continued growth of electrochemical biosensing platforms, which have fascinated the interdisciplinary research arenas spanning chemistry, material science, biological science, and medical industries.
Nanotechnology is a growing area of research in the fields of material science and biological science [114].
Materials science, both biological and chemical, is another area where there are many opportunities for breakthroughs in a more applied sense.
In recent decades, DNA has received considerable attention for its functionality and versatility, allowing it to help bridge the gap between materials science and biological systems.
Belcher, a materials science and biological engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has long marveled at how abalone can spin a little calcium, carbon and oxygen into exquisite and incredibly strong shells.
The key to biological architecture is material science and the main aim of the research are biological polymers, which can create new unimaginable possibilities.
To see the recent applications of the mentioned area in various fields like physics, mechanics, chemical science, biological dynamics, material engineering, theory of control, signal and image propagation, communication and transform, economical problems and optimization theory, etc.; the reader is referred to [1 5].
Combinatorial or high-throughput experimentation is improving numerous scientific domains intensely, such as biological chemistry, material science, catalysis.
Thereby, metallic, multimetallic, and metal oxide-based nanoscopic structures have gained much attention in use of chemical, physical, biological, and material science [1 7].
These species represent the systems of current interest in the fields of environmental, biological, and material science as well as general chemistry.
