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Where the crests or troughs of the waves of two or more beams coincide, bright spots are created; where a crest falls on a trough, a dark spot results.The material responds to the pattern of spots, undergoing chemical changes at the bright ones.
For the sake of illustration only one model in which the material responds as the standard solid in shear and elastically in bulk is considered.
Many of these processes directly manifest in the evolution of the contact network as the material responds to applied stresses and strains.
This shows that the material responds with different time-scales in extension and compression; this, in turn, suggests that different physical processes are involved during the loading which is dominated by fiber stretching and unloading which is dominated by fiber bending.
The results indicate that plant anatomy is a key factor in grass and legume recalcitrance, and furthermore, that leafy material responds better to hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis than do stems, suggesting that genetic modification of stems could be most productive.
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As engineers familiar with 40 years of nitinol research might have predicted, Mr. McGregor encountered frustrating variations in how forcefully and quickly the material responded under different conditions.
He created this composite by growing a forest of nanotubes using hot hydrocarbon gases and an iron catalyst, and then filling the space between the tubes with the polymer.The surprise came when he discovered how his new material responded to repeated stress.
Elsewhere, the manuscript has been tightened throughout and is now ~5% shorter overall despite the inclusion of new material responding to these and other reviewers' comments.
Furthermore, although the viscosity of the material responded inversely to higher shear rates (shearing thinning), the viscosity of EN containing pectin after acidification was greater than that of EN without pectin at all shear rates examined.
We contend that the most characteristic form of this sensing in living organisms (as opposed to inert material responding mechanically) is an interpretive process involving a response to a sign.
Transistors made of different materials respond differently to different chemicals, so that the array produces a distinctive signal when exposed to an odour.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com