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Bed capacity, expressed in weight of accumulated material per unit of bed volume, and bed hydraulic conductivity, expressed in velocity terms, are suggested to effectively represent bed retention ability and the clogging process in deep-bed filtration.
Specific wear rates (defined as volume of worn material per unit applied load per unit of slid distance) were quantified and the effect of film thickness, applied load and test duration was investigated.
Reducing costs involves using cheaper materials, and hence those based on less energy intensive materials would be favoured; reducing weight means using lighter but also less material per unit energy stored, which again could reduce the overall environmental impact of battery manufacturing.
As is generally true of reversible reactions, equations can be written describing the relative concentrations (amount of material per unit volume) of the various species in equilibrium that is, when the rate of the forward reaction is equalled by that of the reverse reaction.
If all markets for embodied material per unit output fail and if recycling benefit exceeds environmental damage, the policy instruments needed for green design are a tax on the consumption good supply and a subsidy on the demand for material input.
The increasing of the flow rate increases the amount of solvent passing through the raw material per unit of time and decreases the mass transfer resistance allowing the saturation of the solvent.
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We used population data to calculate per capita flows and GDP in constant 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars to calculate material intensities (material flows per unit GDP), both from Maddison (2008).
Developing countries, he said, consume four to five times more raw materials per unit of output than rich ones do.
Table 2 presents the weight of materials per unit volume (kg/m3) for two UHPFRC mixes.
The results of the experiment show that discharge capacities (discharge electric quantity of active materials per unit mass) of the experimental SnO2 –C@Sep are more than those of the reported SnO2 after 50 cycle times and the discharge capacities of the experimental SnO2 –C@Sep are slightly more than those of the experimental SnO2 after 100 cycle times.
The mass of deposited graphene materials per unit area of PG/NF increased from 1.0 to 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, or 2.0 mg cm-2 as the deposition time increased from 300 to 400, 500, 600, or 700 s. Figure 2 displays the SEM images of top view and cross-section of PG/NF electrodes.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com