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Thus, the in-vivo, in-vitro and FE results were consistent, implying suitability of the material model used.
The material model used for this purpose describes the nonlinear magnetic behavior by a set of differential equations.
Details of the nonlinear material model used have been provided by the authors in previous research (Kim et al. 2007, 2008, 2010a, b, submitted).
Material data commonly found in the literature for steel pipes in crack-arrest experiments is not sufficient to directly calibrate the material model used here.
Both experimental and numerical studies were performed with a focus on validating the constitutive material model used in the numerical analysis for accuracy and reliability.
Since the yarn cannot be modelled as a solid continuum, a more detailed model of fibres in yarns has to be developed; the instability of fibres in compression has to be incorporated in the material model used for fibre yarn.
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However, it is clearly seen that the lateral strains are too large relative to the experimental data (Mousavi et al. 2016) since this material model uses an associate flow rule.
The analysis is based on the three-dimensional incremental equilibrium equations, which are derived and then solved numerically for a specific material model using the Adams Moulton method.
The material model uses the right-hand stretch tensor, U ij, defined by {F}_{ij}={R}_{ik}{U}_{kj} (38 where U ij = U ji, R ik R jk = R ki R kj == δ ij and δ ij is the Kronecker delta.
The material model uses a bilinear formulation which accounts for plastic deformation behavior after exceeding a yield point.
(a) The material models used for modeling concrete, reinforcing bars and tendon in this study are found to give promising results for the seismic performance assessment of the hollow reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridge columns.
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