(2) Material characteristics: to help students to gain knowledge about material characteristics, including structural strengths and weaknesses, as well as material life cycle analysis implications.
Moreover, the thematic range of such terminology could be advanced, e.g., by modeling the material life cycle, see, e.g., Rebitzer et al. [119], in the same manner as the energy system.
To improve the sensitivity of the model outputs, we developed a novel, life cycle thinking based hazard assessment method that facilitates the projection of hazards throughout material life cycles.
Some fundamental considerations for materials life cycle assessment (MLCA) are discussed.
The use of nonconventional and vernacular construction materials addresses these concerns by incorporating cultural context, minimizing environmental destruction, and considering social impacts throughout materials' life cycle.
These items asked the respondents to express the degree of resources invested in different environmental initiatives such as pollution prevention, recycling of materials, life cycle analysis, and waste reduction.
As the purpose of this model is to study the relation between infrastructure and technology dynamics and material flows, the focus is on the in-use phase of the material life-cycle, including the recovery of end-of-life stock for reuse or recycling.
These findings suggest that significant opportunities may exist for reductions in uncertainty in materials life-cycle prediction and management, if such hierarchies can be understood and controlled.
In addition to being generically designed, the model can accommodate for non-competitive market settings, interacting policy instruments and environmental externalities at different stages of the material's life cycle.
Embodied energy, or a summation of all energy used during the material's life cycle, was calculated using cumulative energy demand (CED) version 1.08 developed by ecoinvent version 2.0 and PRé Consultants for process LCA, and the energy analysis function found on the EIO-LCA online tool.
Moreover, publications related to materials selection, life cycle analysis and sustainability issues of composite materials are also reviewed whereby a section is devoted to highlight previous work on materials selection using Analytical Hierarchy Process method.
