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The steel material is modelled using isotropic hardening model, pertaining to Von Mises yield condition with isotropic strain hardening, and strain rate-dependent dynamic yield stress based on Cowper and Symonds model.
The rock material is modelled using the Bonded Particle Model approach calibrated against single particle breakage experiments.
The balance between energy and material is modelled carefully to ensure that the ecosystem is dissipative.
The composite material is modelled as a heterogeneous structure using fundamental mechanical properties of the respective phases.
Workpiece material is modelled as orthotropic Kirchhoff material with a choice of three failure criteria: maximum stress, Hashin and LaRC02.
The lean duplex stainless steel material is modelled using the two-stage constitutive laws while the concrete is simulated using accurate concrete confinement models.
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The FRP material was modelled as linear elastic material up to rupture with no compressive strength.
The progressive damage of the adhesive material was modelled using a cohesive zone approach with a bi-linear traction-separation response.
Retailers, warehouses, plants and raw material are modelled as a network of co-operative agents, each performing one or more supply chain functions.
This may place unrealistic assumptions about the material being modelled or restrict the application of continuum damage mechanics to materials without significant anisotropy.
The epoxy material was modelled using user-defined interface cohesive elements that properly take into account both strength and toughness enhancements under compression.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com