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These factors can provide insights into the current operating context of the UK automotive industry and help explain why the average material intensity of vehicles and vehicle throughput are increasing.
In other words, material intensity of the economy has generally decreased due to increased efficiency, but the absolute amount of material use has increased, although at a lower rate of increase than economic growth.
All the fragility curves irrespective of the repair jacket material, intensity of seismic sequences (i.e., severe MS-severe AS or severe MS-moderate AS) and earthquake type (i.e., far-fault and near-fault) indicate the increase of difference (shift) between fragilities of the unrepaired and repaired bridge as the damage state progresses.
This difference can be explained by the lower material intensity of cobalt and lithium in PHEV batteries compared to EV batteries.
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Finally, the material stocks are determined by the material intensities of the technology stocks which they make up.
We take most of the material intensities of these components from the US Department of Energy as shown in Table 1, and they are consistent with a number of similar studies.
We note that the model has the capability for both material intensities of technology and technology lifetimes to change over time; however, due to a lack of reliable forecasts for what technological changes may bring, we make the conservative estimate that they will remain constant.
The materials intensity of a product may be measured in the total materials used to produce one product unit.
The range of material intensities for Li-ion batteries is due to uncertainty in the battery chemistry that will be used.
It means looking at radically new industrial processes which simply replace previous kinds of industrial manufacturing with sophisticated bionumetics and nanotech approaches, to cutting down the material intensity and energy intensity of production, this is the kind of thing you need to do to stay competitive in the modern world.
It is also characterized by a rapid economic growth with a reduction of material intensity and an introduction of clean and resource-efficient technologies.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com