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DNA-sequence data have helped with this task, but current procedures of DNA isolation from millimeter-scale crustaceans, such as harpacticoid copepods, leave little to no voucher material for morphological analysis, and many procedures yield only enough DNA for a single amplification reaction.
The material for morphological studies was collected prospectively as part of a larger study on bone metastasis from prostate cancer, and 53 patients from the present study were included in the study on androgen receptor expression in bone metastases (Crnalic et al. 2010).
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This procedure could be adapted to any field system in which it is desirable to identify plant species from roots, or other plant material insufficient for morphological taxonomy.
"With this first modern voucher of the kingfisher, the only adult male, we now have a comprehensive set of material for molecular, morphological, toxicological, and plumage studies that are unavailable from blood samples, individual feathers, or photographs.
Furthermore, many authors have suggested that WGDs have provided the genetic raw material for important morphological transitions, key innovations, and increased phenotypic diversity and complexity (e.g., Ohno 1970; Holland et al. 1994; Aburomia et al. 2003; De Bodt et al. 2005), whereas this effect of WGDs was regarded as less important by others (Donoghue and Purnell 2005; Carroll 2008).
Individual strains were isolated through serial dilution into either 24- or 96-well culture plates and subsequent micromanipulation into subcultures until unialgal cultures with enough material for molecular and morphological characterizations were obtained [ 87].
However, because the molecular analysis relied on fresh material for sequencing, while the morphological study relied on slide mounted series of both nymphal and adult specimens, we were not able to match species for all the genera in this study (Table 1).
For morphological observations, materials were first decalcified in 1% HCl solution, then either squashed or sectioned by hand or a Leica CM1850 freezer microtome.
This meta-analysis gives further evidence for the plasticity of human tendon mechanical, material, and morphological properties in vivo in response to chronic loading of various types.
Samples for morphological study were preserved in 5-10% formalin-seawater or pressed on herbarium sheets while materials used in the molecular study were preserved in 95% alcohol or desiccated in silica gel powder.
Thin sections were analysed for morphological differences between er and wild type in the phloem, but no clear differences were apparent (supplementary material Fig. S10).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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