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The LB model also requires a calibration measurement under the condition that the substrate material for calibration is sufficiently scattering rather than absorbing the incoming light.
As the haltere is made of soft cuticle, we considered PDMS, a soft material for calibration.
The application of in-house hair or nail material for calibration is quite commonplace in this context [ 66– 70].
In order to use this material for calibration in GD spectrometry, the concentrations of all elements in the samples must be known.
In contrast, Drescher et al. [ 9] deposited ENPs on a nitrocellulose membrane and analyzed the spiked material for calibration of ENPs in cells by LA-ICP-MS to obtain semi-quantitative data.
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Eleven respondents indicated that they used other materials for calibration.
Physical standards serve as reference materials for calibration and traceability purposes when testing is performed.
It is clear from this survey that a plethora of 35S and T nos methods exists along with a variety of reference materials for calibration and quality control purposes that lack standardization in laboratories globally.
In contrast, Flem et al. used not less than six different glass reference materials for calibration, namely NIST SRMs 610, 612, 614, 616, NIST SRM 1830 soda limestone float glass, and USGS TB-1 basaltic glass [ 64].
On such microbalances, buoyancy corrections (CB) arising from the volume factor are normally applied through eq 3, where ρa, ρx, and ρs are the densities of air, the weighed material, and the standard material used for calibration, respectively.
Since bone is a complex and highly heterogeneous organic mineral compound, there is no suitable reference material yet for calibration of the experimental setup available, which would have allowed obtaining the absolute concentrations of trace elements corresponding to each measured X-ray count rates.
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