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As distinct from the land occupied by buildings, extended land consumption was defined as lands consumed during raw material extraction and construction waste disposal.
The main focus will be on the energy greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the material extraction and resources phase, manufacturing phase and use phase (operation and maintenance).
A way of tackling negative environmental impacts impending from continuous material extraction and waste generation is the use of recycled materials for construction projects.
As observed in Table 1, during 20 years the initial construction phase (which includes: raw material extraction and production of the finished product) is the largest contributor to GWP, POCP, AP, and EP with respect to the maintenance.
A long time interval has thus passed between ceasing raw material extraction and conducting research on natural restoration, so it is possible to confidently evaluate abilities and effects of self-restoration under specific climatic and landscape-geochemical conditions.
This indicates that the material requirements of the European economy will increasingly be met through imports from other world regions, causing shifts of environmental pressures related to material extraction and processing away from Europe towards resource-rich countries.
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The product's lifecycle includes raw-material extraction and processing, manufacturing, using, recycling, and ultimate disposal, so the every phase of a product's lifecycle should be considered from its initial conceptual design to disposition or regeneration after being used.
Historically, environmental life cycle assessments of WTs have often only considered the materials extraction and processing, manufacturing, and use phases, leaving the management of EOSLWTs outside the scope of their attention.
Manufacturing with its upstream processes1 including raw material extraction, operation, and disposal at end of life and all energy requirements throughout the life cycle are included.
Understanding the relationship between material cycles and economic growth is essential for relieving environmental pressures associated with material extraction, production, and consumption.
The highest yield was obtained when extraction temperature, ratio of phosphate buffer to raw material, extraction time and ratio of trypsinase to raw material were 40 °C, 2, 5.5 h and 1.6, respectively.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com