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Material damage is considered by means of a cyclic cohesive zone model (CCZM).
Process of material damage is divided into two stages (initial stage and evolution stage) in the model.
The material damage is related to the frictional sliding on crack surface and described by a local scalar variable.
QS-PST energy absorption due to material damage is shown to be 81% of the total energy absorption measured during ballistic experiments at the ballistic limit for the S-2 glass/Scompositestudiedudied.
The maximum damage equivalent stress (MDES), which is calculated from the tool stress and material damage, is used to reveal the differences of tool failure mechanisms under different cutting conditions.
In the two foams where the matrix is more compliant (PU and PP), damage is homogeneously distributed and affects mainly the larger spheres, while in the stiff and strong epoxy material, damage is localized in bands.
Similar(53)
Anybody who was not strong enough to cause substantial material damage was of no consequence.
A large amount of material damage was done in Brussels and several smaller towns.
By the weekend, the material damage was reckoned at fifty billion dollars, the human damage at a hundred dead, thousands homeless, and untold numbers of lives and livelihoods upended.
The corresponding figures for major and minor material damage were USD 268 and USD 86 respectively.
Widespread material damage was inflicted in this contested territory in both world wars.
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