Denote E x, ρ x, A x, b x, h x, e x, l x. and E y, ρ y, A y, b y, h y, e y, l y are Young's modulus, mass density of stiffener material, cross-sectional area, the width, the height of the cross section, the eccentricity, and the space between stiffeners along the x- and y-directions, respectively.
Variations in buckling strength with changes in the cross-sectional shapes were studied by considering NRHCs having equal material cross-sectional areas (or equal material consumption) as that of SHCs over a range of column lengths.
In this paper, Lame equations are reproduced in terms of vessel outer and material cross-sectional areas and presented in a very simple format that enables hoop stress calculation without use of any approximation.
This paper describes a study of petiole structural morphology in which tissue materials, cross-sectional geometry, layer-architecture and hydrostatic condition are variables that affect the overall structural properties of the organ.
Here, load sensitivity (S l ) is constant and depends on the QCR material properties (cross sectional area, temperature, cut direction, etc).. Therefore, to increase the sensor sensitivity, it is necessary to improve the load transfer efficiency.
The effects of material variability, brace cross sectional shape and loading protocol on the drift-based fragility curves are investigated.
The objective of this research was to determine how differences in chamber material, sample port placement, vertical cross sectional area/volume, and flushing flow rate influence the Hg flux from geologic materials.
Fig. 2. Results of 3D numerical model of the development of a bent-over plume during the 2011 Shinmoe-dake eruptions; (a d) isosurface of ξ = 0.01 at 120, 240, 360, and 480 s from eruption initiation, respectively, where ξ is the mass fraction of the ejected material; (e f) cross-sectional distribution of ξ; positions of cross-sections are indicated by dotted lines in (a d).
However, the computation of the prestressing force from the strain of the core wire of a Smart Strand can further be refined by accounting for the twist of helical wires and the difference of the cross sectional area and material property between the helical wires and the core wire as proposed in Eq. (2) (Cho et al. 2013; KICT 2013) in an analytical way.
In theory, the spring constant of an "ideal" spring can be found as k = E A 0 L 0, where E is the Young's modulus of the material, A 0 is the unstretched cross sectional area and L 0 is the unstretched length of the spring.
It quantifies the restraint of the member ends by longitudinal and rotational elastic springs, so that the axial tension developed is a function of the transverse loading, material properties, cross-sectional properties and the restraint stiffness.
