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Even artful proselytization obtained by offering material benefits is offensive to universal spirituality.
But moral reasoning is inhospitable to "split-the-difference" pragmatism, and never more so than when material benefits are at stake.
We then present data from a new study of Indonesian madrassah students replicating the backfire effect using a within‐subjects design where the instrumental advantages of the added material benefits were transparent.
Yet, even if stimulating competition would achieve greater economic productivity, and even if this would, by some miraculous mechanism, yield a more egalitarian distribution of economic resources (presumably through the provision of more remunerative jobs), these welcome material benefits are not all that is needed.
Material benefits are part of the allure.
Material benefits are unlikely in the stickleback system, but polyandry may lower the probability of mating with genetically incompatible, inferior or infertile mates as well as increasing next-generation genetic diversity and mean offspring fitness [ 21, 22].
However, quantifying these non-material benefits is challenging and consequently they are often not assessed.
In the mid-20th century, a gathering environmental movement pointed out that there were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now being enjoyed.
Their benefit is that the material mimics the color and texture of natural hair.
For the recipients, the benefit is clear: the materials are free.
The lek paradox arises from the observation that females are often very choosy in their mate choice, even when there are no apparent material benefits to be obtained from such a choice [ 3, 5].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com