The occurrence, fate and behaviour of carbon nanomaterials in the aquatic environment are dominated by their functionalization, association with organic material and aggregation behaviour.
Some conditions were not further analyzed by MS due to the large amount of undigested material and aggregation (noted in Table 1).
Recently, most of fluorescent sensors have been focused on in diluted solutions because π-π stacking of traditional fluorescent materials would quench their emissions in solid state, and meanwhile some fluorescent materials in aggregation were reported as chemosensors to detect target analytes although they always were involved in photonic and electronic devices.
Organic solid-state luminescence materials with aggregation-induced emission enhancement have attracted considerable interest in recent years.
Based on this principle, attempts were made to produce large single crystals of protein, synthetic bone materials or aggregations of carbon nano-tubes.
Its performance is significantly affected by electrode materials and the materials' size, morphology, aggregation state and hierarchical nanostructure which have an effect on electrolyte transportation.
When dispersed in aqueous solution at room temperature, this material forms fibrous aggregation and nanotubular structures [11].
In addition, Figure 9 shows the calculated results of Einstein's model [33] (Eq. 8) in comparison with the experimental results that show a serious underestimation, which may be results from the material properties and aggregation of carbon nanoparticles [34].
In addition to reducing bioactive material recovery, protein aggregation can have major effects on drug potency and cause highly undesirable immunological effects.
Wood, used as a piping material, enables the aggregation of microorganisms, which form "biofilms". Campylobacter has not been shown to be an important component in biofilms [ 27], although that might depend on the bacterial strain [ 28].
Electrodes of fuel cell were usually formed with complex composed of catalysts and supporting materials for preventing aggregation and maximizing surface area, and carbon black has been utilized as supporting materials due to its high conductivity and porosity.
