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Similarly, in contrast to virgins, mated queens have initiated (though not completed) ovary development, and their pheromone profiles are in the early stages of the transition to the fully mated state.
The arrow from the gravid to the mated state in Figure 4 reflects that females can lay multiple batches of eggs.
However, because the time between the virgin state and the mated state was very short (<5 min), the large number of protein spots clearly shows that the ejaculate contains a highly diverse set of proteins.
Mated queens behaved like virgins (most continued to attempt to take mating flights and none initiated egg-laying), but in terms of physiological parameters, they were in the early stages of the transition to the mated state for pheromone profiles and vitellogenin synthesis in their fat bodies, and had partially activated their ovaries.
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If this hypothesis is true, we might expect that genes associated with mating state in queens would also be associated with nursing and foraging behaviors in workers.
Normally, the males should maintain the ejaculatory mating state, keeping their spicules inserted until all sperm are transferred (Schindelman et al., 2006).
Therefore, we used spicule insertion time as a proxy metric to ask if the spicule sensilla regulate the duration of the ejaculatory mating state.
For the analysis, a single brain was withheld from the data set ("test set") while all 11 remaining brains were used as the "training set" to identify the best predictor genes for mating state.
Honey bees represent an excellent model system in which to address these questions because they exhibit a range of "mating states," with two extremes (virgins and egg-laying, mated queens) that differ dramatically in their behavior, pheromone profiles, and physiology.
We used an incompletely-mated mating-state to understand the molecular processes that underlie the transition from a virgin to a mated, egg-laying queen.
Governor Owens and Ms. Norton will face Rollie Heath, a Democrat, and his running mate, State Senator Bill Thiebaut.
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