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Gibbons, long thought to be monogamous, occasionally mate with individuals outside their group.
We find, however, that the extra variation amongst the progeny produced during sexual reproduction for most model parameters is unable to overcome the effect that parents with a high individual fitness in general must mate with individuals of lower individual fitness resulting in a moderate reproductive fitness for the pair.
This multimodality arises from the fact that in a scenario with continuing gene flow from the sources, new modes arise as the new immigrants mate with individuals whose admixture fractions lie near preexisting modes.
This implies that the effectiveness of assortativeness, how often an individual is able to mate with individuals belonging to the same species, strongly depends on how well phenotypic differences reflect species membership.
This albeit weak association could be generated by assortative mating; that is, individuals tend to mate with individuals who are similar to themselves in some respect, in this case smoking status.
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By doing so it could avoid mating with individuals that carried genes for MHC proteins similar to its own.
As genetic diversity is lost by chance in one small population, it can be restored by the interchange and mating with individuals from other populations, near or far.
If individuals are unable to find a suitable mate, they may be susceptible to mating with individuals of other species or may forgo breeding altogether (i.e. [50]).
Conversely, nonrandom mating with individuals in close geographic proximity can generate genetic structuring within a continuous population [ 8].
For example, if mating with individuals from other populations is associated with costs, selection for population-level recognition can drive the evolution of mating signals (e.g., [ 1, 8, 14]).
The retention of the non-native C. lutrensis parental phenotype in admixed populations could also be promoted by hybrids preferentially mating with individuals most closely resembling maternal parental taxa.
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