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Where males and females were once put into a pen to mate, sows are now inseminated artificially and most are kept through their pregnancy in a 2-by-7-foot crate, in which they can lie down but not turn.
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In all cases, F1 sows are mated with Pietrain boars on the piglet producer level in Austria.
After this period, from mating until farrowing, the sows are often kept in larger groups until farrowing when they are moved to the farrowing areas.
To compensate for sows with delayed oestrus after weaning and non-pregnant sows, a surplus of gilts and sows are mated to yield the planned number of litters at term.
Coffey uses this information to determine such things as whether sows are being mated as soon as they are in heat and when it's time to send a sow to slaughter.
If not, the sows are quickly put back into mating.
The two most important concerns related to reproductive function among group-housed sows are the occurrence of lactational oestrus when sows are group-housed during lactation, and the stress that is associated with group housing during mating and gestation.
Gilts and sows were mated with (H) boars or AI with Duroc (D) semen.
In the herds that took part in this study, sows were mated using boar semen without antibiotic treatment.
In brief, 2 White Duroc boars and 17 Erhualian sows were mated to produce F1 animals, and then 9 F1 sires and 59 F1 dams were randomly intercrossed, avoiding full-sib mating, to generate 1,912 F2 individuals.
All animal procedures were performed according to protocols approved by the Biological Studies Animal Care and Use Committee of Hubei Province, P. R. Six Erhualian and six Large White sows were mated with 6 boars of each corresponding breed.
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