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High assertiveness during the fertile window may be a psychological adaptation that promotes mate selectivity and safeguards against indiscriminate mate choice when conception risk is highest.
Consequently, this validates the hypothesis of precopulatory mate choice by males and B. germanica can be added to the growing list of species for which male mate selectivity has been reported [15] [20], [31], [50] [52].
Intraspecific mate selectivity often is enforced by self-incompatibility (SI), a barrier to self-pollination that inhibits productive pollen-pistil interactions.
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It has recently been suggested that conditions favoring male mating selectivity may often arise in promiscuous lekking species (Saether et al. 2001; Bro-Jørgensen 2007), or more generally where competitively successful males achieve such high copulation rates that sperm depletion limits their mating capacity (Preston et al. 2001, 2005; Stockley and Bro-Jørgensen 2011).
The results of these experiments reveal (i) a lack of general female preference for the badge enlarged to the maximum size; (ii) selectivity in mate choice varies with female condition and low-quality females prefer males with smaller badges; (iii) in contrast to the prediction low-quality females are more discriminating.
For example, women in geographical regions with higher proportions of men show greater selectivity in their mate choices [ 2], while regions with higher proportions of women have a greater prevalence of both polygyny [ 3] and short-term mating strategies [ 4].
Recent studies indicate that a fitness cost can be associated with mate choice, and that females alter their selectivity when costs differ [1] [5].
For example, in many non-human species, greater selectivity is evident in females' mate preferences when the local population's sex ratio is male biased than when it is female biased (reviewed in [ 1]).
The transition from one social bias to another demonstrates ciliates can employ biases to adjust the selectivity of intuitive social heuristics and mating replies to meet the nontrivial demands of unstable mating contexts.
This is partly because mate preference has several often independent attributes such as responsiveness, selectivity and preferred trait value, and these may be difficult to disentangle [39].
The emergence of mutual mate choice theory, coupled with the growing amount of empirical evidence, indicates the need to consider male selectivity as a confounding variable in studies of female mate choice.
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