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When females could choose to mate between two males 29% of litters had multiple sires.
We conducted an experiment with wild-derived house mice (F2 from wild-caught M. m. musculus), in which we allowed females to choose to mate between two males.
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This analogy could backfire if not carefully implemented, and instructors who use this type of example should stress that the process giving rise to family members (i.e., mating between two individuals) differs from that which gives rise to evolutionary relationships (i.e., cladogenesis).
Recently, same sex mating between two α cells has been suggested to occur naturally in C. gattii [16].
Oocysts that are heterozygous at one or more loci are obviously the products of outcrossing (i.e. the products of mating between two genetically-distinct parasites).
First, cross-mating between two heterozygous clones of the Florida strain resulted in 31% obligatory parthenogenetic clones (Fig. 1, clones 4 and 5 of the Florida strain).
Despite extensive environmental sampling only α mating type isolates have been observed from Vancouver Island, leading to the suggestion that same-sex mating between two α cells is the driving force for the emergence of the outbreak.
The rate of selfing in the P. falciparum population was calculated by assuming that oocysts that are homozygous at all four loci are the result of selfing (i.e. the products of mating between two genetically-identical parasites).
The mean coefficient of inbreeding (calculated over 5 generations of pedigree) was 0.041 (S.D. = 0.039), with 95% of the population <0.125 (the value for progeny of mating between two half-sibs that are otherwise unrelated).
It took 9 to 12 weeks for a litter to be born from a mating between two heterozygous CAG200 mice, if any litter was born; approximately 30% of these matings resulted in no offspring at all.
The isolation processes and intrinsic barriers among parasite populations, such as host choice when the parasite shows a local host preference or mate choice when mating between two parasites is impossible, most likely will lead to parasite sympatric speciation [ 5].
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