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The results echo earlier findings that "achievement" goals — a focus on results, rather than on understanding — as opposed to "mastery" goals, increase cheating.
As such, the participants had placed a premium on the learning or mastery goals as compared to the performance goals.
Opposing indirect relationships through task and ego, and mastery goals were found between athletic identity and instrumental aggression.
Secondly, when it was a non-graded task, the participants were inclined to focus more on learning or mastery goals instead of performance-goals.
Mastery goals were expected to mediate the positive relation between HP and outcomes, whereas performance-avoidance goals would be associated with OP and, thus be detrimental to athletes.
Results indicated that performance avoidance goals undermined intrinsic motivation relative to performance approach and mastery goals; the latter goals evidenced the same intrinsic motivation.
Findings suggested that typical age-related declines in intrinsic motivation may be minimized by a school-wide focus on mastery goals.
It is consistent with Brophy (1983)'s findings that learning or mastery goals are associated with "a strong learning motivation" whereby participants concentrate on mastering and understanding of content knowledge.
Students' perception of the assessment environment as being learning-oriented positively predicted their adoption of mastery goals, whereas perceptions of the assessment environment as being test-oriented or praise-oriented positively predicted their adoption of performance goals.
Challenging views that perfectionism is a maladaptive factor in sport and that it is related to a preoccupation with performance goals and a neglect of mastery goals, the present article argues that perfectionism in athletes is not generally maladaptive, but shows differential relationships with mastery and performance goals depending on which facets of perfectionism are regarded.
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Thus, SLEs have the potential to be more meaningful for learning, motivating learners to 'mastery goals' such as understanding, rather than 'performance goals' like passing an examination.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com