"Headphones — especially shitty ones, which are mostly what you see on the street — computer speakers, and small Bluetooth speakers have changed a great deal of what we do in the mixing and mastering stages of record production," he wrote in an e-mail recently.
As late as 2003, a music professor pointed out that all the early Doors albums, on vinyl and CD, had been slowed down due to a cock-up at the mastering stage.
"Some records are just perfect artworks, but you just cannot go anywhere to listen to the way the musicians heard it at the mastering stage," said Tillmans, who won the Turner prize in 2000.
And then, finally, there's the mastering stage.
After the final mastering stage and hearing the songs back-to-back, the band members sensed they had recorded something "pretty powerful".
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Raphael mixed as he went along to maintain control of the record until the final mastering stage; the producer aimed to show The Strokes a final product as soon as the band finished performing a track.
A process superstructure, which includes the concept of master reaction stages and subsidiary separation stages, is introduced to facilitate the theory.
But before that stage of rocket recovery begins, SpaceX will need to master first stage landings.
As a filmmaker, Bigelow is still obsessed with violence, but she's become a master at staging it.
