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This is presumably due to massive gene reduction and rearrangement that occurred in nematodes (Witherspoon and Robertson 2003; Denver et al. 2004; Coghlan 2005).
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In summary, we found that the genome of CRt is currently undergoing genome reduction and massive gene decay due to loss of selection on gene functions, which is likely a consequence of having become an obligate mutualist of its tick host.
Indeed, the balance between acquired and lost genes is in favour of genome reduction and irreversible massive gene decay implies that specialization to an intracellular lifestyle is a one-way road.
Intracellular bacteria, such as Chlamydiae or Rickettsiae, were generally regarded as organisms characterized by extreme adaptation to a narrow ecological niche (the host cell) associated with a massive gene loss resulting in dramatic genome reduction [ 1- 3].
A further drastic reduction of coding capacity resulted from massive gene migration from mtDNA to the nucleus.
Genome reduction has been well studied in intracellular bacteria: during the specialization process from a free-living to intracellular lifestyle, massive gene loss can occur [ 91- 95].
Through massive gene transfer to the host nucleus, gene regulation is predominately conferred by nuclear genes.
Massive gene duplications would bring great disturbance to the gene regulatory networks in the cell.
Recent whole genome analyses have suggested massive gene transfer between widely divergent organisms.
Massive gene duplication events were found in the animal and plant species.
All Mycobacteria (excluding M. leprae because of its massive gene loss).
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