The decline in leaf mass per individual with increasing density results in a decrease in the rate of resource use and the allometric exponent β (Fig. 5).
The self-thinning phenomenon in plants occurs in dense populations mainly ascribing to the leaf mass per individual (or the value of exponent β), which drops sharply with increased density and growth.
The more biomass that was removed, the smaller the overall seed mass per individual.
Aiming in a first step to differentiate subjects with decreased insulin sensitivity ( = low ISIMatsuda) from those with normal ISIMatsuda levels based on the individual metabolite patterns we applied a NT-metabolomics ICR-FT/MS-driven analysis of plasma samples leading to mass spectra containing up to 2958 metabolite ion masses per individual.
In addition, we found no significant (α = 0.05) correlation between total number of larvae per plant with mass per larva using individual linear models for each plant line separately (supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online).
Seeds were collected and dried, and then weighed to give the total mass of all the seeds collected per individual plant.
Measurement of the panel of environmental factors used here, most of which are performed by mass spectrometry, currently costs an estimated $40,000 per individual [44], or close to the current pricing for whole-genome sequencing.
If the allometric exponent of the average rate of resource use per individual Q vs. plant mass is β, i.e. Q∝Mβ (where β is variable), according to the general model of energy equivalence, R = NmaxQ∝M0, the relationship between population density and plant mass should theoretically follow the model: Nmax∝Mδ, where δ = -β or δ/β = −1.
left ventricular mass (LVM), maximum interventricular septal thickness (maxIVS) and maximum posterior wall thickness (maxPW), were assessed with specialized mixed-effects models utilizing per-individual random effects which are correlated according to kinship coefficients (R package kinship, function lmekin).
To facilitate comparison with Alonso-Blanco [23] and because sown seed mass was only available as a mean per line, harvested seed mass was also calculated and fitted per line when used as an explanatory variable; however, the response variables were always calculated and analysed per-individual.
The quantity of alkaloids per individual frog was corrected for frog mass and statistical tests use these corrected quantities for examining the alkaloid quantities unless otherwise noted.
