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However, the lower pollen concentration of P14 was difficult to interpret because of its coarse lithology, which did not facilitate the preservation of a mass of pollen.
The pollen pellets or loads (mass of pollen grains collected by honey bees, bumble bees and many other bee species, in their pollen baskets or corbiculae on hind legs) were removed from the honey bees with one pollen pellet extracted for RNA and the other kept for pollen identification.
Protein constitutes 2.5 to 61% of the dry mass of pollen [ 9], which is virtually the only source of protein naturally available.
There are also mass of pollen grains on stigmas of 'Noa' during anther dehiscence, but pollen mass is much smaller in volume compared with that of 'Qx-097'.
For example, mass of pollen grains on stigmas of 'Qx-097' during anther dehiscence were clearly visible and large in volume, so 'Qx-097' is a cultivar with high quantity of pollen dispersal.
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Some plants rely on the wind and simply produce masses of pollen in the expectation that some will blow onto the right flower eventually.
Masses of pollen become attached to the male insect during this process and are transferred to the next flower visited by the insect, thus pollinating it.
Even the special characteristics of orchid flowers, such as the masses of pollen called pollinia, the joining of the stamens and pistil to form a column, and the tiny seeds without endosperm are found individually in other groups of flowering plants.
To calculate the pollen foraging rates the following data were used: (1) BeeID, (2) departure time, (3) arrival time and (4) mass of the pollen load.
The following foraging parameters were calculated for each bee: (1) mass of nectar or pollen collected, (2) bout duration and ultimately (3) the nectar foraging rate (NFR, mg nectar h−1) or pollen foraging rate (PFR, mg pollen h−1).
The mass and protein content of pollen stores provided to female offspring varied significantly more than those of males, but volume and sugar content did not.
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