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We analysed two measures of resistance: 1-proportion of leaf damage and final snail mass (controlling for initial snail mass).
Result of GWAS studies for ear type, body mass, and body mass controlling for ear type (drop, prick and intermediate).
They found a significant positive association between both the global cognitive performance score (Beta.12, p = .007) and MMSE (Beta.11, p = .009) and muscle mass, controlling for age and sex but not for prior cognition which we have shown to correlate with both brain and muscle size (Table 3).
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In particular, in mating systems where male post-copulatory intrasexual competition is high, relative testes size (testes mass controlled for body mass) is generally high [14].
controlled for age and body fat mass; controlled for gender and body fat mass; controlled for age and gender.
Testes mass controlled for body mass is correlated with sperm production rate in mammals [ 41], although similar data are unavailable for other taxa.
In species with a pattern of peak mass and mass recession, like Procellariiformes and Psittaciformes, body condition indices relative to age are more adequate than mass controlled for measures of body size.
We chose "remaining brain volume" rather than body mass when controlling for allometric effects primarily because including female body mass and "remaining brain volume" together in the regression models almost always gave non-significant partial regression coefficients for female body mass.
The same pattern emerged when the different sperm components (head, midpiece, principal plus terminal piece, and flagellum length) were analyzed separately, since all of them became longer as relative testes mass increased, but were unrelated to body mass after controlling for phylogenetic effects (Table 1, Figure 1B-E).
We opted to express fitness as V o2peak in milliliters per minute per kilogram of lean body mass, allowing us to consider the oxidative capabilities of muscle mass, while controlling for a distinct measure of adiposity.
We employed state-of-the-art methods to comprehensively quantify beta cell mass and proliferation, controlling for mouse age, genetic strain, source of DNA injected, Angptl8 gene expression and proliferation markers.
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