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But the president's liberal critics are usually academics, journalists and (occasionally) cable-TV hosts, with no real mass constituency behind them.
And it's silly to think that a series of wonky procedural reforms – no matter how worthy – unconnected to substantive issues could mobilize a mass constituency.
At the top of the party structure stood the interests it served – big business, the very rich – and at the bottom was its mass constituency, which seemed to grow more proletarian and more frustrated as the years passed.
Even if he goes, his son, Jinggoy, can remain as a rallying-point for his mass constituency, and a plausible contestant in the presidential election due in 2010.The courts have burnished the Philippines' democratic credentials by showing that not even an ex-president is above the law an example they notably failed to set after the fall of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986.
But the real mass constituency for inequality is not the one percent.
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Assassinations of top leaders have done little to diminish the pull of militant organizations like Hamas in the Palestinian territories and Hezbollah in Lebanon — with mass constituencies, extensive charitable outreach and pervasive grassroots networks.
Mass constituencies have given way to a cacophony of voices and multitudes of contending interests powered by social networking technologies that diminish the role of standardized intermediaries.
Dani Rodrik and Sharun Mukand explore how the mobilization of mass constituencies that have arisen with industrialization and urbanization in post-colonial nations has led to "illiberal democracy" which fails to protect minority rights.
If distantly elected representatives no longer fulfill this mediating function because mass constituencies have dissipated and candidates are in the pockets of the special interests, post-party direct democracy must devise its own counterbalancing institutions and practices.
Serum and bone calcium level, bone wet weight, and the ash content of the bone decreased in the ovariectomized, nontreated group due to a decrease in estrogenic activity, which in turn affected the bone mass and constituency, calcium content, and zinc concentration.
A critical mass of constituencies - including typically conservative businesses, ranchers, hunters and fishers, evangelicals and national security hawks - has gathered behind the push for a clean energy economy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com