Even if he goes, his son, Jinggoy, can remain as a rallying-point for his mass constituency, and a plausible contestant in the presidential election due in 2010.The courts have burnished the Philippines' democratic credentials by showing that not even an ex-president is above the law an example they notably failed to set after the fall of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986.
But, in reality, this is a new confrontation in India between electoral democracy, which is fueled by the votes of the masses, and the prime constituency of the news media, the middle class, which has long had contempt for the supremacy of politicians.
Using this multiple-constituency and goal-attainment framework, we define three modes of constituency building: constituency by coercion, constituency by discretion, and constituency by compromise.
Armstrong's name and constituency were also written in red.
For all information except dwelling and constituency, the reliability as defined by the kappa statistics exceeded 60%.
At the top of the party structure stood the interests it served – big business, the very rich – and at the bottom was its mass constituency, which seemed to grow more proletarian and more frustrated as the years passed.
But the president's liberal critics are usually academics, journalists and (occasionally) cable-TV hosts, with no real mass constituency behind them.
A critical mass of constituencies - including typically conservative businesses, ranchers, hunters and fishers, evangelicals and national security hawks - has gathered behind the push for a clean energy economy.
Assassinations of top leaders have done little to diminish the pull of militant organizations like Hamas in the Palestinian territories and Hezbollah in Lebanon — with mass constituencies, extensive charitable outreach and pervasive grassroots networks.
If distantly elected representatives no longer fulfill this mediating function because mass constituencies have dissipated and candidates are in the pockets of the special interests, post-party direct democracy must devise its own counterbalancing institutions and practices.
