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Larger homogenous areas of slightly increased signal intensities, found predominantly in the diaphysis of femur and tibia, were not considered as BME, since they represent areas of active red marrow, which may be normally present in this age group [ 22].
Thus, it seems plausible that the production and release of cytokines, chemokines and proteolytic enzymes (VEGF, SDF-1 and metalloproteases) by the lung tumour tissue will increase the mobilisation of CD133+/HPCs from the bone marrow, which may be home to hypoxic tumour tissue and have a fundamental role in tumour neovascularization and progression (Kerbel, 2008; Shojaei and Ferrara, 2008).
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Our orthogonal cutting experiments showed that a rake angle of 60° and a depth of cut of 1 mm, will avoid excessive fragmentation, keep specific cutting energy low and promote bone marrow extrusion, which may be beneficial for cell survival.
They also mentioned that the marrow had a gelatinous appearance, which may be similar to the serous transformation that occurs in the marrow of severely anorexic patients.
Normal red marrow returns a low signal which may be confused with tumour.
Surprisingly, we found CD20+ B lymphocytes in bone marrow to be mostly CD53dim which may be related to the finding that CD53 is under the control of the transcription factor early B cell factor-1 (EBF-1) (Månsson et al. 2007).
New, macromolecular contrast media (MMCM) may provide more specific information on bone marrow blood volume and sinus permeability, which may be more useful to study treatment effects.
T cells chronically secrete profibrotic cytokines that activate macrophages and fibroblasts, which subsequently stimulate myofibroblasts, which may be of bone marrow derivation.
In contrast to human subjects, the description of a yellow fatty appearance of the long bone marrow in these reports is rarely mentioned, which may be partly due to the fact that the majority of animal models are sacrificed at a juvenile stage — possibly prior to red marrow conversion.
Recently, other experiments in our lab showed a significant increase in the level of IL-6 protein found in the conditioned medium collected from co-culture of bone marrow macrophages and apoptotic prostate cancer cells, which may be linked to the polarization of macrophages induced by efferocytosis.
Bone marrow provides a major tumor stem cell niche, which may be altered in states of high bone turnover [ 16].
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