Current treatment options comprise of auto graft, allograft, artificial bone substituent, autologous chondrocyte implantation, mosaicplasty, marrow stimulation and tissue engineering.
Yoon SH, Shim YS, Park YH, Chung JK, Nam JH, Kim MO et al. Complete spinal cord injury treatment using autologous bone marrow cell transplantation and bone marrow stimulation with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor: Phase I/II clinical trial.
Marrow stimulation procedures promote cartilage repair by stimulating bone marrow through the subchondral bone and by producing blood clots containing MSCs on the articular surface (Madry et al. 2010).
Bone marrow stimulation techniques such as abrasion arthroplasty, drilling and microfracture produce mostly fibrocartilage.
Cartilage repair elicited by bone marrow stimulation can be enhanced by a chitosan-glycerol phosphate (GP /blood implant, through mechanisms involving therapeutic inflammatory angiogenesis.
Current treatment methods such as marrow stimulation, autograft, and allografts can be very costly, pose several challenges, and differ in their degrees of success.
Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) at the footprint of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has not been fully evaluated according to the preoperative tear size and surgical technique.
Beside bone marrow stimulation techniques (microfractures) and autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty, a variety of procedures have been proposed to promote the healing of articular lesions by cultured competent cells.
Furthermore, the clinical outcomes of patients who received MSC injection with marrow stimulation were significantly better than those who received marrow stimulation alone (Table 2).
