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Collectively, these data) suggest that monocytes undergo a transition stage with intermediate expression of CD16 before differentiating into OC, presumably following exposure to RANKL and M-CSF in the bone marrow, circulation, and the joint.
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Monocytes are released from the bone marrow into circulation and extravasate into peripheral tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages [1].
Another important parameter is the source of the sample (bone marrow, peripheral circulation, plasmapheresis).
This reduction may take place somewhere between the bone marrow and circulation.
Inhibition of the CXCR4-CXCL12 alterslthes the activity of T-regulatory cells (T-regs) and mobilizes them out of the protective bone marrow into circulation.
There is ample evidence that these VSCs are found in the bone marrow and circulation and are quite distinct from hematopoietic stem cells.
An intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate causes leukocytes influx into the peritoneum from bone marrow and circulation, and neutrophils are the major cell population which first emigrate to the peritoneal cavity.
We chose the time point of 6 months after RTX treatment because, at that time, antigen-naïve B cells (CD19+IgD+CD27-) start repopulating the bone marrow and circulation of RA patients [ 16].
Animal experiments indicate that CD22 plays a key role in B cell development and survival, with CD22-deficient mice having reduced numbers of mature B cells in the bone marrow and circulation, and with the B cells also having a shorter life span and enhanced apoptosis [ 31].
Circulating EPCs are mobilized from the bone marrow to peripheral circulation by cytokines, growth factors, and ischemic conditions during endothelial injury [ 86].
An area of debate concerns whether the Ly6Chi and Ly6Clow represent separate cell populations or whether Ly6Clow monocytes arise only after differentiation from Ly6Chi monocytes followed by return to the bone marrow from the circulation.
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