The marks are made by hand or with a metal stamp, using ash from a sacrificial fire, sandalwood paste, turmeric, cow dung, clay, charcoal, or red lead.
The subtly calibrated marks are made with acid and saliva applied to the prepared copper printing plate; combined, they erect a face.
Observations indicate that long furrows like plow marks are made when an iceberg is driven by sea ice, whereas a freely floating berg makes only a short scour mark or a single depression.
Analysis of Olduvai animal fossils also shows that some marks were made by either rodent or carnivore teeth, the indication being that at least some of the animals were killed by nonhominin predators.
He also claimed that the other marks were made with two batches of the same kind of ink.
Later, the bones were given to paleoanthropologist Curtis Marean of Arizona State University, Tempe, who showed that the marks were made by stone rather than by carnivore teeth.
The wire held a drawing tool, and when the magnet was moved using a paired magnet that was below the drawing surface, marks were made in a semi-controlled manner.
After the basilic vein had been identified, two skin marks were made overlying the vein at a point of optimal vein visualization approximately 2-4 cm above the medial epicondyle.
These included the possibility that the scrape marks were made while dinos were digging for food or water, while marking territory, or even while building nests or gathering in colonies.
It's not clear whether the groove-maker killed the victim or merely scavenged its bones, but the shape of the grooves clearly suggests the victim was dead when the tooth marks were made.
