When spread via movements does occur, there is a high risk of infection reaching a livestock market; infection of markets can amplify disease spread.
In order to investigate the potential risk of markets amplifying infection transmission during an epidemic in cattle or sheep, we estimate the number of farms infected within 4 weeks of the primary outbreak farm becoming infectious.
Here we assume that the livestock brought from the primary outbreak to the market transmit infection to the rest of animals at the market, and all subsequent movements from the market result in transmission.
In August France's biggest bank, BNP Paribas, tightened the screws by suspending withdrawals from three investment funds, blaming "the complete evaporation of liquidity in certain market segments of the US securitisation market".Eventually, the infection spread from managed funds to the banks' own books.
If we assume that once livestock is brought from the primary outbreak to the market, all subsequent movements from the market will transmit infection, in Figure 7 we see that there is the potential for disease to spread to several hundred farms within 4 weeks of the primary outbreak becoming infectious (if this remained infectious for 2 weeks).
There may be a risk, theoretically, of infected livestock moving via a market to slaughter passing infection on to other livestock moving through that same market to farms.
As many as 95% of the slow lorises rescued from the markets die of dental infection or improper care.
Third, although environmental samples collected near the birds (e.g., cockatiels, parrots, munia, quail) at pet bird markets tested positive for infection, only two samples were influenza A and the rest were subtyped as NDV.
At present, little is known about the seasonality, transmission, and market impact of this infection in C. pagurus.
For me as a Dutchman working in a Chinese lab, an interesting by-product of a letter in Science about closing down live poultry markets to prevent new infections by H7N9 (Gao, 2014), was that Gao was mentioned in a Dutch national newspaper in a column by a prominent emeritus professor (Borst, 2014).
