An overarching challenge in agricultural research and development is ensuring that programme outputs — whether they be new varieties and breeds, improved management practices, better market pathways, or new financial mechanisms — actually reach farmers and are adopted at scale.
In Greek waters, the diversification of small-scale fishery in terms of spatio-temporal operations, types of fishing gear, target species, and market pathways (Tzanatos et al. 2005) hinders various difficulties in monitoring the small-scale fisheries of an area.
The findings emerging from this study suggest that policy-marketing pathways which require less fencing and offer more flexible resource access such as a commodity-based trade (Thomson et al. 2004), may well be preferable within communal pastoral areas.
The paper demonstrates why a closer examination of the trade-offs and consequences associated with animal health policy options in Africa is needed, particularly to determine policy-marketing pathways that allow more flexible and opportunistic resource access within communal pastoral areas.
With the continuous development of China's electricity market, multiple pathways for delivering electricity will emerge.
19 In addition, active and passive immunisations were excluded from the data as these typically follow different development and National Health Service (NHS) market access pathways to other drugs.
Further, due to the current market access pathways for medical nutrition interventions, not many cost-effectiveness analyses have been generated for medical nutrition so far, especially in comparison to pharmaceuticals; hence, the willingness of the payer to pay might be different to that of the pharmaceutical environment.
Large variations in complexity are due to local market requirements, development pathways and consolidation trends, and of course, diverse configurations across plants.
However, in the event that graduates do not find qualified job opportunities in their occupational field of training and have to change occupations at labour market entry, these pathways may prove disadvantageous for young peoples' integration into skilled employment.
The vaccine, which is made by Merck, and a second one developed by GlaxoSmithKline that also has been tested during the recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa, may still come to market through alternative pathways that do not require as rigorous a level of proof that they work.
Each of these PDPs forms strong partnerships with private companies that are governed by formal agreements dealing with issues including intellectual property, regulatory pathways, markets, manufacture, and price.
